Universa (UTNP)

Universa Blockchain is a platform and protocol designed for decentralized storage of trust and validity for modifiable smart contracts, focusing on real-world businesses and digitizing/tokenizing business processes with minimal interference to existing infrastructure. Each smart contract in Universa is a Ricardian-style contract. This structured document can store static data (invariant and modifiable), permissions, roles, references to other documents, and requirements for editing the stored data. This setup allows for easy digitization and tokenization of a wide range of documents, from fungible assets (currencies, tokens, commodities) to non-fungible entities (e.g., “square meters” of land, real estate, unique items, and art) or any other complex documents, including role-access-based DAO management for controlling the issuance of these documents.

To prevent Sybil attacks, which are possible in permissionless blockchains, Universa Blockchain uses a permission node approach. It requires a license for node ownership and real-world verification of node owners, preventing unsolicited network control by one or related parties. The consensus mechanism is Proof-of-Authority, and the network uses BFT-safe algorithms, raising the attack threshold from the typical “51% of the network” to “90%” for positive consensus.

These features, combined with off-chain storage of smart contract data and the “immediate consistency” of network-stored data (requiring “0 confirmation blocks” for guarantees against double-spending, compared to the “eventual consistency” of many other blockchains), are backed by a network capable of 25,000+ TPS. Additionally, transaction fees are programmatically set to be as low as $0.01 in most basic scenarios, making Universa Blockchain suitable for financial transactions or asset transfers and for digitizing document workflows and business processes in the real world.