Layer 0

Layer 0 refers to the foundational infrastructure that underlies Layer 1 blockchains. It encompasses the protocols, networks, and frameworks that enable different blockchains to be built and to communicate with each other. Layer 0 solutions focus on interoperability and scalability at the most fundamental level. Examples include Polkadot's relay chain, Cosmos's Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol, and Avalanche's subnet architecture.